Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation Working Principle And System Composition

Photovoltaic power generation uses solar cells to directly convert sunlight energy into electrical energy based on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Whether used independently or connected to the grid for power generation, photovoltaic power generation systems mainly consist of three major parts: solar panels (components), controllers and inverters. They are mainly composed of electronic components, but do not involve mechanical parts.

 Working principle of solar photovoltaic power generation

Solar photovoltaic power generation relies on solar cell components and utilizes the electronic properties of semiconductor materials. When sunlight shines on the semiconductor PN junction, a strong built-in electrostatic field is generated in the P-N junction barrier area, resulting in a barrier The non-equilibrium electrons and holes in the area or the non-equilibrium electrons and holes that are generated outside the barrier area but diffuse into the barrier area, under the action of the built-in electrostatic field, move in opposite directions and leave the barrier area. As a result, the potential of the P region increases and the potential of the N region decreases, thereby generating voltage and current in the external circuit and converting light energy into electrical energy.

Composition of solar photovoltaic power generation system

1. Solar cell components

A solar cell can only produce a voltage of about 0.5V, which is far lower than the voltage required for actual use. In order to meet the needs of practical applications, solar cells need to be connected into components. A solar module contains a certain number of solar cells connected by wires. For example, the number of solar cells on a module is 36, which means that a solar module can generate a voltage of approximately 17V.

The physical unit that is sealed into solar cells connected by wires is called a solar cell module. It has certain anti-corrosion, wind-proof, hail-proof, and rain-proof capabilities, and is widely used in various fields and systems. When the application field requires higher voltage and current and a single module cannot meet the requirements, multiple modules can be combined into a solar cell array to obtain the required voltage and current.

2. DC/AC inverter

A device that converts direct current into alternating current. Since solar cells emit DC power, and general loads are AC loads, an inverter is indispensable. According to the operating mode, inverters can be divided into independent operating inverters and grid-connected inverters. Stand-alone inverters are used in stand-alone solar cell power generation systems to supply power to independent loads. Grid-connected inverters are used to feed the power generated by solar cell power generation systems operating on the grid into the grid. Inverters can be divided into square wave inverters and sine wave inverters according to the output waveform.

3. Power distribution room design

Since the grid-connected power generation system does not have batteries, solar charge and discharge controllers and AC and DC power distribution systems, if conditions permit, the inverter of the grid-connected power generation system can be placed in the low-voltage distribution room at the grid-connected point. Otherwise, just build a separate A low-voltage power distribution room of 4 to 6 m2 is sufficient.

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