New Energy Automobile
Aug 08, 2023
Introduction
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New energy vehicles refer to vehicles that use unconventional vehicle fuels as their power source (or use conventional vehicle fuels or new onboard power devices), integrate advanced technologies in vehicle power control and driving, and form advanced technical principles, new technologies, and new structures.
New energy vehicles include pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen engine vehicles, etc.
Types
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New energy vehicles include pure electric vehicles, extended-range electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen engine vehicles, etc.
Battery Electric Vehicle
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) are a type of vehicle that uses a single battery as the energy storage power source. It uses the battery as the energy storage power source, providing electricity to the electric motor through the battery, driving the motor to run, and thus driving the vehicle. The rechargeable batteries of pure electric vehicles mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, and lithium-ion batteries, which can provide pure electric vehicle power. At the same time, pure electric vehicles also store electrical energy through batteries, driving the motor to run, allowing the vehicle to run normally.
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is a vehicle composed of at least two single-drive systems that can operate simultaneously. The driving power of a hybrid electric vehicle mainly depends on the driving status of the vehicle: one is provided by a single drive system; The second type is provided jointly through multiple drive systems.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), under the action of a catalyst, uses hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, gasoline, and other reactants as reactants to burn with oxygen in the air in the battery, thereby providing power for the vehicle. Essentially, fuel cell electric vehicles are also electric vehicles, with many similarities in performance and design. They are divided into two categories because fuel cell electric vehicles convert hydrogen, methanol, natural gas, gasoline, and other energy through chemical reactions into electricity, while pure electric vehicles rely on charging to supplement their energy.
Hydrogen Powered Vehicle
Hydrogen Powered Vehicle (HPV) is mainly powered by hydrogen-powered fuel cells. Hydrogen-powered vehicles are the most environmentally friendly among new energy vehicles and can achieve zero pollution and emissions. However, the production cost of hydrogen-powered vehicles is too high. The cost of hydrogen-powered vehicles is 20% higher than that of traditional fuel vehicles, and the battery cost of hydrogen-powered vehicles is very high, which is difficult to apply in practical production due to storage and transportation conditions.
Extended Range Electric Vehicle
The Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) is similar to an electric vehicle in that it provides kinetic energy to the motor through the battery, drives the motor to run, and thus drives the vehicle to move. However, the extended-range electric vehicle is equipped with a gasoline or diesel engine in the body, which can be used by the driver to replenish the battery of the extended-range electric vehicle when the battery level is low.
Airpowerd Vehicle
Air-powered vehicle (APV), abbreviated as a pneumatic vehicle, uses high-pressure compressed air as the power source to convert the pressure energy stored in compressed air into other forms of mechanical energy, thereby driving the vehicle to operate. In theory, other gas-powered vehicles powered by the endothermic expansion of liquid air and liquid nitrogen should also belong to the category of pneumatic vehicles.
Flywheel Energy Storage Vehicle
The process of converting a portion of the vehicle's kinetic energy or gravitational potential energy into other forms of energy during deceleration, coasting, or braking, and storing it in a high-speed flywheel for use in vehicle propulsion. The flywheel uses magnetic levitation to rotate at a high speed of 70000 r/min. As an auxiliary device in hybrid vehicles, its advantages include improved energy efficiency, lightweight, high energy storage, fast energy input and output response, low maintenance, and long service life. Its disadvantages include high cost and the impact of flywheel gyroscopic effect on vehicle steering.
Supercapacitor Car
Supercapacitors are capacitors that utilize the principle of double layers. Under the action of the electric field generated by the charges on the bipolar plates of supercapacitors, opposite charges are formed at the interface between the electrolyte and the electrode to balance the internal electric field of the electrolyte. These positive and negative charges are arranged in opposite positions with extremely short gaps between positive and negative charges on the contact surface between two different phases. This charge distribution layer is called a double layer, so the capacitance is very large. The hybrid power supply composed of supercapacitors and batteries can fully meet the energy needs of the vehicle during driving and can buffer the impact of instantaneous high power on the energy storage system, extending the service life of the battery. Moreover, supercapacitors can instantly charge with high currents, allowing for more efficient energy feedback.
Power Source
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From the development of global new energy vehicles, their power sources mainly include lithium-ion batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lead-acid batteries, and supercapacitors, among which supercapacitors mostly appear in the form of auxiliary power sources. The main reason is that these battery technologies are not yet fully mature or have obvious shortcomings, and there are many differences compared to traditional cars in terms of cost, power, and range. This is also an important reason for restricting the development of new energy vehicles.
Lead-acid Battery
Among all battery technologies, lead-acid batteries have the longest history of development. The battery uses metal lead as the negative electrode and lead oxide as the positive electrode. During the discharge process of the battery, lead sulfate is generated at both the positive and negative poles. Sulfuric acid serves as both a reactant and a product of the reaction process in the electrolyte solution. In the past decade, research and development on lead-acid batteries have mainly focused on the application of hybrid electric vehicles.
Ni-mh Battery
The operation of nickel-hydrogen batteries is based on the release and absorption of OH - by nickel oxide anodes and hydrogen metal anodes. In the past, nickel-hydrogen batteries were considered a good temporary option for electric vehicles, given the serious safety issues associated with lithium-ion batteries. However, its energy density of 50-70Wh/kg cannot meet the energy density requirements of electric vehicles of 150-200Wh/kg. At the same time, the large proportion of nickel in nickel-hydrogen batteries limits their future price reduction. Therefore, nickel-hydrogen batteries are not a reliable choice.
Lithium Ion Battery
Lithium-ion batteries are the most commonly used power battery technology in electric vehicles today, thanks to their high energy density and increased power in individual batteries, which have led to the development of smaller quality and density at competitive prices. Currently, these power batteries can provide electric vehicles with a range of approximately 150 kilometers. Lithium is inserted into the electrode of a lithium-ion battery, which means that the electrode material is the carrier of lithium ions. Research has shown that the power (800-2000W/kg) and energy density (100-250Wh/kg) of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles has increased.
Supercapacitor
If the battery needs to provide both long-term storage energy and short-term pulse power for engine starting or vehicle starting, then the design of the battery needs to adopt a compromise solution. More electrodes need to be used in each cell to increase the total surface area. The increased current distribution on a larger electrode area can maintain the battery voltage drop to meet system requirements. If the power demand can be provided by other devices, the battery can use thicker electrodes to achieve energy storage requirements at low magnification while achieving better durability. An ideal method is to use supercapacitors to provide pulse power, while batteries only provide energy storage. Supercapacitors can be recharged at a lower magnification to prepare for the next power output, or charged using braking energy recovery. After charging through a supercapacitor, the battery can operate within a wide range of battery states of charge (SOC), as the power required for starting is already stored in the supercapacitor. The combination of batteries and supercapacitors inevitably requires a more complex charging system, as the charging and discharging characteristics of batteries and supercapacitors differ significantly, resulting in a significant difference in their charging cutoff voltage. Therefore, it may be necessary to use a DC/DC converter or switching device to control two devices on the same DC bus.
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